electrolytes in my fridge

Common Electrolytes in my Fridge;

• Orange Juice
• Spinach
• Coconut Water
• Kale
• Fruits
• Pickles
• Olives
• Milk
• Cheese
• Yogurt
• Eggs

thinking about electrolytes and conductivity

In this lab, first we got all of our materials, like the pennies, salt, water, vinegar, matte paper, sandpaper, and LED lights. Then, we started rubbing the copper of the pennies for 4/5 of the pennies on the sandpaper, and then we soaked the matte paper in a solution with vinegar, salt and water. After this, then we put the matte paper, and the pennies together with the LED light. We tried using other LED lights, with different colors, and tried re-doing the solution, but none of them worked. 

The reason all this happens because it's like a battery. Because of the positive and negative sides, it creates a battery-like product. Unfortunately, ours didn't work. When metals are connected to  electrodes, and are connected to a wire, the electrons move from one penny to the other, creating an electric current. The reason our didn't work could have possibly been because we used a 1982 penny, which would have not been a post-1982 penny. Also, our solution could've been wrong because we could've used too much or little water, salt or vinegar. The mattepaper soaked in the electrolyte-like product due to the acids, created an electrolyte between the two pennies. Alessandro Volta, who created the first battery, which is why this is called a voltaic pile. 

Here are out pictures of the lab. First, here's a picture of the pennies on the sandpaper, then there's a picture of the final penny battery. As you can see in the bottom two pictures, the LED light did not turn on.

Here is a snippet of my excel worksheet of my observations of the Reactivity of Metals lab. In this lab, we put the metals magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminum, and calcium into a mix of vinegar, water and a universal indicator. We would time how long it would change from the reddish color, to a blue or purple color once the metals would be dropped in. We found out that certain elements like sodium will have an immediate reaction when dropped into the vinegar and indicator mix. Other elements like Calcium and Lithium took longer than sodium, however still reacted extremely quickly. Lithium and Calcium took around 12-14 seconds each. Other elements like Magnesium and Aluminum kind of just dropped into the mixture and didn't react at first. It sort of bubbled for seconds, and then didn't do much. After we waited for 3 days, Aluminum still stayed as a reddish color, as seen in the photo below. It turned more of an orange color, a lot lighter than the original substance. However, Magnesium completely changed colors. As you can see, it turned into this blue, turquoise color, changed from the reddish solution that you can see in the pictures below.

I learned this happens depending on its number of valence electrons and orbitals. Sodium turns immediately because it only has to get rid of one valence electron, and it has a 3S orbital, rather than a 2S orbital like Lithium has. I assume the lower you go on the alkali metals, the faster the reaction will be. Elements like Lithium will be slower than Sodium, yet still faster than any electron with more than one valence electron. Calcium and Magnesium take longer to react because they have two valence electrons, and it's much harder to get rid of two electrons than one. For elements with two valence electrons, it must get rid of two electrons in the outermost shell, which is much harder than to get rid of one valence electron in the outermost shell. Aluminum takes the longest because it has the most valence electrons out of all the 5 elements. The more valence electrons the element has, the longer it takes to react. Aluminum has 3 valence electrons, more than any other element we tested. Also, magnesium and aluminum are on the same 3rd period, meaning that aluminum will take a similar amount of time to react as magnesium.

Here are some of the pictures we took. I tried to put them in order of before and after, but the pictures were too big and would not let me place them. 

 

My surface's touch screen doesn't work so I had to draw everything. My 8 trends include
1. Finger numbers
2. Facial Expression
3. Arm Position
4. Size vertical
5. Size horizontal
6. Pattern
7. Number of curls
8. Arms number

The number of fingers, arms and curls increase my group number. The facial expression continually gets happier as it moves down until the noble gases. The arm position, similar to number of fingers continually moves down. The size gets smaller when you go down in periods, and the size gets bigger when you go across by group, and the pattern stays the same within the group.

here is my drawing of an unknown alien and my table. I arranged this in terms of number of fingers. This is similar to the Medeleev and Moseley table because the rest of the class will have different orders. Other groups may arrange this by things like hair, or body, which was similar to how they arranged the periodic table before there was a universal way to find atomic number, or atomic mass, and before there was a universal periodic table, the first introduced by Medeleev. This is very similar to Mendeleev because there is an unknown box that was left, just like in this table. Because there is a blank in the table, it allowed Mendeleev to know there are unknown elements, while there were boxes for elements that were known like Gold, or Silver. This project explains how hard it was to do experiments before there was a universal table or way to find atomic number.

Mendealien Analysis
1. In what two ways are all the species different?
All the species are different in ways like body type, hair, number of fingers, and design on their chest.

2. What do the species in a row have in common?
On the secret agent guys PDF, the rows all have very similar body types.  similar to the periodic table, certain elements close to each other like metals, nonmetals and noble gases will have very similar body types.

3. What do the species in a column have in common?
On the secret agent guys PDF, the columns all have diverse types of bodies. Every row down gets bigger, similar to the periodic table. For example, for the noble gases, they will each get bigger in terms of protons, similar to this alien chart.

4. How do the numbers of fingers relate to the periodic table?
On the secret agent guys PDF, the number of fingers goes up one per each box. The number of fingers are like the atomic number. It has specific orbitals, like the S or P. Once it reaches a certain amount, it needs another orbital.

5. How do the arms relate to the periodic table?
On the secret agent guys PDF, one arm is like the s orbital, once it reaches 2 fingers, it needs another arm. Once the next arm reaches 8 it needs another arm, just like the P orbital. Then, once the next arm reaches 8, it needs another arm.

6. How do the number of hairs relate to the periodic table?
On the secret agent guys PDF, the number of hairs is somewhat random. It starts with one, then two, then one, then two and then goes up from there. However, certain mendaliens have only one hair, rather than going up one in a sequence.

7. How do the markings on the chest identify the agents compared to the periodic table?
On the secret agent guys PDF, similar to the hair is somewhat random. It will go in a certain order, like the small chested aliens will have dots or arrows, however some small chested aliens also have plaid designs. In my opinion, there is no set design, purely random.

Think Critically
1. a; 651.3
b; 486.3
c; 434.2
d; 410.3 all in nano-meters

2. Yes, most of them are the same, but around .1 off. My rounding may have been different from the universal type of rounding.

3.  a; 3.05(10^-19)
b; 4.09(10^-19)
c; 4.58(10^-19)
d' 4.84(10^-19)

4. wavelength 2.28(10^-6)
Energy= 1.99(10^-25)

In this activity, I used the Rydberg constant to find the wavelengths or certain electrons. I put the work to my answers on the bottom. The Rydberg equation is like Planck's constant to find the wavelength of spectral lines. This describes the relation between wavelengths in spectral lines and alkali metals. The Balmer series represents colors, for exaple, 3-2 is red, 4-2 is aqua, 5-2 is blue, and 6-2 is violet, everything else is an ultraviolet color.

 1. Copper
2. Iron
3. Sodium
4. Potassium
5. Strontium
6. Calcium

certain elements like lithium or sodium are harder to control their electrons because there are so many electrons on the outside.

elements like fluorine or bromine are easier to maintain the electrons because there are less on the outside.

The electrons on the outside want to follow the Octet Rule and gain 8 electrons like Neon or Helium. That’s why certain elements will give up elements, and others will take elements. The different colors of the flames are a result of energy. Their atomic emission spectra affect the frequencies of the light, the flame color depends on the chemical additives. Certain flames are a combination of colors because the element has not been fulled burned off yet. As the electrons return to lower levels, they emit colors characterized by a color spectrum Analysis Questions 1. Suggest a reason why each compound produced a flame of a different color, even though they each contain chlorine. Even though they all have chlorine, the chemical makeup of each element is different. For example, certain elements like iron will have more electrons than others.  After the flame, the electrons would drop a level. The color depends on the difference in the two energy levels 2. Explain how an element's flame test might be related to its atomic emission spectrum.  The color of the element is the combination of all the colors of light produced by the element.  The colros are a result of the visible spectrum.  The color results from the return to lower levels after the flame, causing the amount of electrons which causes the different color of flame.  3. Infer the identity of the unknown crystals. Explain your reasoning.  The table on the left shows what we thought each element was. We decided each of these by the color of the flame, and we decided some were the same element because of the color of the flame was the same, and the material that was burned looked, smelled, and weighed the exact same.

Here are all the pictures we took on the Eco of Bellarmine lab. 

Producer- Tree, or plants

Primary Consumer- bug

Secondary Consumer- Chicken

Tertiary Consumer- Humans (Nolan)

Decomposer- Picture of Orange with worms

Herbivore- myself because I am vegan haha

Carnivore- We found a cat in the garden, but we couldn't get a good picture. 

Omnivore- Human (Jordan)

Threatened Species- Bees

Endangered Species-Bees

Non-Native Species- Cactus

Pollution Source- Car

Questions

1. Ecology is more about the organisms and their interaction with their environment, while environmental science is more about the environment and how it reacts to the organisms living around it. The animals like chickens for example adapted to living in a big group and the decomposers reacted to living around the orange tree for food. 

2. There are no real specific ecosystems on Bellarmine campus, however, the garden was a big environment for populations and communities.  The weather affected the plants like the cacti, and the animals changed the overall context of the community. 

3. The sun produces plants, such as trees or grass. The bugs live on the tree or eat the plants. Then, the chicken will eat the bug, and then humans eat the chicken. This transfer of energy can be seen quite clearly. 

4. The only real endangered of threatened species on campus we found were bees. As of since June of this year, the Bumblebee has been placed on the endangered species list. As more and more Co2 is released into the oxygen, the bees die at an alarming rate. Bees are extremely important to all life on earth because of their pollination. 

5. Anything that is harmful to the environment. Pollution can occur anywhere. Things like a car because of the gas, things like machines produced CO2, and even things as simple as eat meat can all indirectly cause pollution. Pollution is everywhere, and there are a lot of things to stop it, but a lot of people either do not care about global warming or don't believe in it. The reason I decided to go vegan about 12 months ago was because I knew it would not only help myself but everything around me. 

Yes, i brought goldfish on 5/52017

I learned that when environmental factors like light or temperature change, the heart rate drastically changes. For example, when we started with room temperature their heart rate went up, but when we raised the temperature, their heart rate got even faster. Eventually, when we added ice to the cup, their heart rate went down a lot. The average was almost twice as low to when it was at room temperature. We then came up with experimenting with light, and we predicted that their heart rate would rise due to higher intensity of light. Overall, we learned that their heart rate changes a lot due to temperature and that their heart rate increases when the temperature rises.

I learned in the fish pong genetics virtual lab that very slight changes in things like migration rate, or mortality rate can completely change the population and the next generations. When I made the migration rate plus one, it changed everything, the graph, the population, and mortality rate. In any community, very slight changes will change the whole community forever. I tested things such as putting the mortality rate really low, and migration rate high and the rate of generations almost tripled. Things like changing the rate of fitness can also change the whole community. Overall, I learned how fragile a community really is because very small changes will change it forever.

In class, my group and I created a geological timeline to show when big events happened such as fossils being found, humans living, dinosaurs being extinct, etc. I realized that humans have barely been on this planet, in comparison to things such as plants and animals first appearing. For the first around 2 billion years on Earth, not much happened. Lots of important events relating to humans, happened around the Cenozoic, events to dinosaurs happened around the Mesozoic era, and first forming animals and plants important happened around the Paleozoic era. As shown in the timeline, evolution must have happened because over the billions of years Earth has been around plants and animals have clearly changed over time, which supports the theory of evolution. In the early years, organisms were first forming and over time changed and adapted.